However, they often have a confounding variable of environmental complexity: the apes are typically moved to spaces that are larger, but also more environmentally complex (i.e., given access to outdoor areas in addition to indoor enclosures, or transferred to newer, more naturalistic enclosures) (Aureli & de Waal, 1997 Brent, Lee, & Eichberg, 1991 Clarke, Juno, & Maple, 1982 Duncan et al., 2013 Jensvold, Sanz, Fouts, & Fouts, 2001 Nieuwenhuijsen & de Waal, 1982 Ross, Wagner, Schapiro, & Hau, 2010 Videan & Fritz, 2007).
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